The Life and Times of the Man Who Invented the Telephone essays

The Life and Times of the Man Who Invented the Telephone essays Alexander Graham Bell is remembered today as the inventor of the telephone, but he was also an outstanding teacher of the deaf and a prolific inventor of other devices. Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, to a family of speech educators. His father, Melville Bell, had invented Visible Speech, a code of symbols for all spoken sounds that was used in teaching deaf people to speak. Aleck Bell studied at Edinburgh University in 1864 and assisted his father at University College, London, from 1868-70. During these years he became deeply interested in the study of sound and the mechanics of speech, inspired in part by the acoustic experiments of German physicist Hermann Von Helmholtz (1821-1894), which gave Bell the idea of telegraphing speech. When young Bell's two brothers died of tuberculosis, Melville Bell took his remaining family to the healthier climate of Canada in 1870. From there, Aleck Bell journeyed to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1871 and joined the staff of the Boston School for the Deaf. The following year, Bell opened his own school in Boston for training teachers of the deaf; in 1873 he became a professor of vocal physiology at Boston University, and he also tutored private pupils. Bell's interest in speech and communication led him to investigate the transmission of sound over wires. In particular, he experimented with development of the harmonic telegraph a device that could send multiple messages at the same time over a single wire. Bell also worked with the possibility of transmitting the human voice, experimenting with vibrating membranes and an actual human ear. Gardiner Hubbard (1822-1897) and Thomas Sanders, fathers of two of his deaf pupils backed Bell financially in his investigations. Early in 1874, Bell met Thomas A. Watson (1854-1934), a young machinist at a Boston electrical shop. Watson became Bell's indispensable assistant, bringing to Bell's experiments the crucial ingredient that had been la...

Analysis of Japan’s Economic Structure

Analysis of Japans Economic Structure The Japanese economic structure has always been perceived to be both stable and reliable. Despite periods of difficulty, the rules and regulation surrounding the Japanese banking industry have always attempted to deal with any potential problems and to manage them both on an international and national level. However, there is an argument that the stringent nature of the regulation in itself has caused some problems for the sector, with many banks finding themselves in distressed positions having followed the approaches advocated by the central Ministry of Finance. Prior to the difficulties faced in the 1980s, which will be discussed in greater detail later, the Japanese banks largely followed the guidance of the Ministry and felt safe in the knowledge that there was a safety net in place should they fall into financial difficulties. Japanese banking, as a whole, was not particularly profitable and instead operated a cautious, yet extremely stable service. Despite this approach, the Japanese banking sector hit a substantial crisis in the 1980s, shocking not only those within the Japanese banking system, but also those involved in banking arond the globe. By studying the events that caused this period of difficulty and looking more specifically at the activities of one banking group, in particular, it is hoped that lessons can be drawn from the scenario that will prevent similar events happening again. Background to Japanese Banking The bursting of the bubble in the 1980s did not just come from nowhere; in fact, when the banking system within Japan is studied, for many decades before the bubble burst, it is clear to see that the foundations for this difficult time had been laid some considerable time in advance of the events themselves. Post war Japan took a very segmented and internal approach to banking. Very few transactions were conducted internationally, with almost all financing products being offered to Japanese corporations. This worked in the main due t o the mentality of the Japanese people; they were keen savers, therefore, the banks in Japan had a steady flow of funds available to offer financing to Japanese corporations. As a general rule, city banks offered financing to larger corporations, whereas regional banks offered financing to smaller and more local businesses. In fact, international trading was so low down on the agenda that the government used the Bank of Tokyo in the 1950s and 1960s to deal with the foreign exchange needs of the country and to act as the main foreign representative. Banks within Japan worked together, with the long term credit banks offering completely different services to the commercial banks. The banks were very customer orientated, offering financing at incredibly cheap rates to stimulate the economy, often at the expense of the banks’ profitability. All elements of the banking sector were managed closely by the Ministry of Finance which was largely responsible for all rate setting and ban king relationships. Mergers between banks rarely happened and when they did they were often unsuccessful due to the segregated nature of the different banks, thus making it difficult for companies to merge successfully in terms of culture, administration and ethos.

Genetically modified organisms safe or unsafe Research Paper

Genetically modified organisms safe or unsafe - Research Paper Example In this regard, these practices seek to ensure that there was continuous supply of food and other important products to the world’s population, which improved food security. With advancements in technology becoming the order of the day, it is prudent to note that scientists are using technology to improve on food security and ensure the availability of other important products that satisfied human wants. However, some of the approaches that humanity is using technology to produce food and other products have become controversial with some issues dividing the world along two opposing sides with these sides making strong arguments for their case. In the contemporary world, scientists are increasingly advocating for the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to increase on the production of food and other important products that satisfy human wants. Despite the role played by genetically modified organisms in producing food and products that enhanced food security, there is evidence that GMOs are unsafe, and their use comes with disastrous effects on both animal and human life. A number of controversies surround the production of GMOs, including the ethical nature regarding their production. However, the most controversial issue regards the safety of GMOs with their effects on human life remaining the most dividing issue. In line with this, evidence available through various researchers suggest that GMOs, and especially genetically modified foods, are unsafe for human consumption. First, research carried out by scientists on rats that fed on GMO food indicates that rats became sick after feeding on GMOs. In this case, a study conducted by Seralini observed that rats fed on GMO products developed brains tumors quickly than rats that were in the control group of the study (qtd. in Committee for Research & Independent Information on Genetic Engineering). In effect, this indicates that GMOs were unsafe, and their use by human beings put them at a risk of health related complications. On the other hand, evidence suggests that GMOs production involved the addition of chemicals that produced pathogens that were on the same level as viruses. According to a research study conducted by Huber, the virus produced by GMOs contributed to infertility issues on human and animals that feed on the GMOs as well as other health related complications (qtd. in Krudtaa, â€Å"Dr. Huber†). Based on the two safety issues provided above, the use of GMO products poses major risks that affected human life. Nonetheless, the study by Seralini provides the best solution to the question regarding the safety in the use of GMO products by human beings since the study involved the use of rats while the study by Huber linked the production of GMO products with pathogens that contributed to infertility without conducting any research. In line with this, Seralini relied on rats in a study that was thorough and longer than any other previous research conducted by scientists and fed rats with genetically modified maize since the study followed 200 rats for two years (Pollack). In support of this study, another research study conducted by Gallagher indicated that rats that fed on an eggplant produced through GMO technology â€Å"experienced organ and system damage† (qtd. in Krudtaa, â€Å"GMO Eggplant†). Furthermore, these eggplants affected the reproduction organs of rats with ovaries reducing their normal weight by half while the spleen enlarged and the white blood cells

Impairments of intangible (including goodwill) Research Paper

Impairments of intangible (including goodwill) - Research Paper Example Under the USA GAAP principle, the methodology used for the determination of the impairment of long lived assets is based on the two step approach. In the two steps approach, the first step requires test of recoverability. In this test, the comparison of the carrying amount and future amount of discounted cash flows from the using and disposing. In case, the assets are determined to be not recoverable than impairment testing conduct becomes mandatory. Contrary to this, in the IFRS system one step approach is employed. Under this system, the existence of the impairment indicators makes it mandatory for the application of the impairment testing (EY, a). The second major difference in the treatment of intangible assets in US GAAP and IFRS exist in calculation of the loss in the impairment of long lived assets. Under the system of US GAAP using FAS 157 entitled Fair Value Measurement is employed and the loss calculation is difference between the carrying amounts to the fair value amount. On the other hand, the IFRS system of financial reporting, the calculation of the loss is conducted by measuring the difference between the carrying amount and the recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is measured as either the fair value net of cost of selling or value in use or value indicating future value of discounted cash flow including the amount received after disposal. ... Additionally, the reporting unit can also be accounted in the level under operating segment or the component. In the IFRS financial reporting of corporate accounts, the allocation of goodwill is conducted differently. Goodwill in the IFRS system is allocated either in the group of Cash Generation Unit (CGU) or CGU itself. Allocation of the Goodwill in the group of CGU represents lowest level from which the internal management monitors goodwill for internal assessment IAS 36.6. Importantly, this group, by law of IFRS 8 (Operating Segment) cannot larger than operating segments (EY, a). In addition to the goodwill allocation carrying differences in the two internationally followed systems of reporting of corporate accounts, methodology for the determination of impairment of goodwill also varies. Corporate accountants using US GAAP system of reporting has to imply the two step approach or methodology for the determining the requisite impairment. Under two-step approach requires performin g the recoverability test at the level of reporting unit in which the allocation of goodwill is conducted. In this initial test, the net amount of difference of the reporting unit’s carrying value to the reporting unit’s fair values is conducted. Positive difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the reporting unit makes it mandatory to perform the impairment test for the goodwill. Companies using IFRS system of developing the financial accounts apply the one step approach. Under the IFRS system it is simply mandated to conduct the impairment test. The impairment test of goodwill is conducted at CGU unit. Under this approach, the comparison of the carrying amount at CGU level with recoverable amount is conducted while carrying amount

The Tragedy of Date Rape Essay -- Expemplification Essays

Exemplary Essay - The Tragedy of Date Rape In the fall of 1995, Kristin Cooper was a sophomore at Baker University in Kansas. She was a member of Alpha Chi Omega, an expert skier from the mountains of Colorado, a swimmer, and was active in band, choir and drama. On the night of New Year's Eve of that same year, her mother Andrea Cooper came home to find Kristina dead of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head on the family room floor. Cooper shared the story of her daughter's last months through an essay titled "Kristin's Story". The essay includes poetry, letters and descriptions from the personal journal found next to Kristin's body on the night of her death. It was not until Cooper read the journal for the first time that she realized her daughter had been date raped prior to her suicide. Since then, Cooper has traveled around the country to speak to campuses and conferences about the aftermath of rape and to try to convince victims to come forward. She visited 45 colleges, four conferences and more than 24,000 people in 2004 alone. Twenty of those visits, including this one to Clemson, were made possible with grants through Alpha Chi Omega and Cooper's own sorority, Delta Delta Delta. Members of the two sororities were present at the discussion to distribute fliers, cozies decorated with emergency phone numbers and ribbons to promote awareness of sexual assault and violence against women. "It's healing for me," Cooper said. "It keeps Kristin's memory alive, and maybe by talking about it, I can help someone." According to the Rape Crisis Council of Pickens County, one out of every four females will be sexually assaulted in their college years. However, rape counts for only seven percent of the college... ...psychological help. However, in 2003, only one sexual assault was reported to the police, a fact that Sparks believes is due to a fear of coming forward about the attack. "We're trying to get the word out that it's okay to tell," she said. Psychologists are on hand at Redfern to listen to rape victims without judging or blaming, to give comfort, and to look for signs of post-rape trauma. Without proper training, Cooper wasn't able to spot these signs in her daughter. "I was not able to help Kristin, but I hope that by being here, I have helped a man or a woman in the audience," she said. Cooper added that female date rape is not the only type of sexual assault threatens the population. Male rape, marital rape and stranger rape are other traumatizing experiences that frequently go unreported, and carry with them the same post-traumatic stress symptoms.

Charcoal Poultice and Charcoal Drink as Treatment to Leg Ulcers Essay

The use of charcoal as a simple remedy for different health problems is an ancient way of treating many common diseases that afflict humankind dates back in the time of Hippocrates who lived from 460 to 370 B. C. In the late 1800, Ellen G, White spearheaded the use of charcoal in the treatment of different diseases. She said, â€Å"The Lord has given some simple herbs of the field that at times are beneficial; and if every family were educated in how to use these herbs in case of sickness, much suffering might be prevented, and no doctor can be called. One of the most beneficial remedies is pulverized charcoal placed in a bag and used in fomentations. This is a most successful remedy†¦I have prescribed this simple remedy, with perfect success†¦This works like a charm. † The use of charcoal in treating diseases is a product of long years of scientific studies. Charcoal is defined as an amorphous, porous form of carbon made by the destructive distillation of almost any carbonaceous material such as wood, coconut shells animal bones, and corn cobs. The medicinal properties of charcoal are given strong boost by the United States (a book that tells how to prepare and use medicines). Besides giving direction for making charcoal, the Dispensatory lists several problems that can be treated with charcoal. Activated charcoal exerts its effects by absorbing a wide variety of drugs and chemicals. The important work of charcoal powder in the treatment of diseases is to adsorb chemical substances that are harmful to the body, like germs, viruses, toxins, wound secretions, and other products of infections. To adsorb means to take up, hold on, or spread out on the surface of the molecules. Charcoal works like a magnet. Charcoal poultice is made up of charcoal powder mixed with enough water to make into a paste. It is spread into a thin dry cloth with all the sides folded over the charcoal paste and then applied over the affected area of the skin or over the body organ. From thirty minutes to two hours after the application of the charcoal poultice, there is a feeling of itching around the area or a little pricking pain. That is because charcoal sucks what it can absorb from within. The advice is to never remove the poultice. Keep it on because your body is responding positively to the treatment. Pain may be felt from three to seven days. The internal use of charcoal powder is called charcoal drink. Charcoal drink is made of charcoal powder diluted in a glass of drinking water according to dosage for medical purposes. The charcoal drink is tasteless. The taste of the drinking water when mixed with charcoal powder doesn’t change. There is no difference in taste between a glass of clear drinking water and a glass of water with charcoal powder. The only difference is the color. Treatment is a therapy used to remedy a health problem. It is a process or intervention in the design of experiments a method of combating, ameliorating, or preventing a disease, disorder, or injury. Active or curative treatment is designed to cure; palliative treatment is directed to relieve pain and distress; prophylactic treatment is for the prevention of a disease or disorder; causal treatment focuses on the cause of a disorder; conservative treatment avoids radical measures and procedures; empiric treatment uses methods shown to be beneficial by experience; rational treatment is based on a knowledge of a disease process and the action of the measures used. Treatment may be pharmacologic, using drugs; surgical, involving operative procedures; or supportive, building the patient’s strength. It may be specific for the disorder, or symptomatic to relieve symptoms without affecting a cure. Leg ulcers refer to full thickness skin loss on the leg or foot due to any cause. They occur in association with a range of disease processes, most commonly with blood circulation diseases. Leg ulcers may be acute or chronic. Acute ulcers are sometimes defined as those that follow the normal phases of healing; they are expected to show signs of healing in less than 4 weeks and include traumatic and postoperative wounds. Chronic ulcers are those that persist for longer than 4 weeks and are often of complex poorly understood origin. There have been a vast number of case reports of individuals who have benefited most decidedly from external applications of charcoal. Charcoal has been found to adsorb wound secretions, bacteria, and toxins. It appears to keep the bacteria from entering the blood stream. D. PROCEDURE HOW TO PREPARE CHARCOAL POWDER MATERIALS NEEDED: 1. Charcoal from hard wood or coconut shell or bones of clean animals such as cows, carabaos, goats, etc. 2. Coffee grinder or wooden mortar. 3. Fine coffee strainer. PROCEDURE: 1. Pulverize the charcoal by grinding or pounding. 2. Strain the charcoal powder through a fine coffee strainer. 3. Sterilize the charcoal powder in an oven or in a dry covered kettle or frying pan for 15 to 20 minutes. 4. Let cool and store in a dry, clean, covered glass jar or container. HOW TO PREPARE THE CHARCOAL POULTICE MATERIALS NEEDED: 1. Charcoal powder 2. Two pieces of thin cotton cloth or diaper 3. Cellophane or plastic bag 4. Cold or warm water 5. Mixing bowl 6. Mixing spoon and ladle 7. Elastic roller bandage number 4 or a 4-inch-wide cloth 8. Safety pins PROCEDURE: 1. Place the charcoal powder in a mixing bowl. 2. Pour in water gradually. 3. Stir it slowly with a spoon or ladle to make a charcoal paste. Mixture should not be too dry or too wet. 4. Spread a piece of cloth on the table. 5. Spread a ? inch charcoal paste on the center of the cloth. See to it that it’s one or two inches wider than the diseased body part which will be applied on. 6. Fold the four sides of the cloth over the charcoal paste. 7. Turn the covered charcoal pate upside down and drain the excess water by pressing it with a piece of dry cloth. HOW TO APPLY CHARCOAL POULTICE: 1. Apply poultice over the center of the area to be treated. 2. Cover it with a thin cellophane or plastic to keep the heat and moisture intact. 3. Cover with a clean and dry cloth. The cloth must be one or two inches wider than the poultice so the heat cannot escape. 4. Bind tightly with a roller bandage or with a strip of cloth. 5. Leave it overnight or do it three times a day. 6. Dress the patient in the morning. 7. Repeat the treatment until the condition is placed under control or healed. FREQUENCY OF APPLICATION: 1. Overnight7:00 p. m. to 5:00 a. m. 2. Three times a day7:00 a. m. to 11:00 a. m. 1:00 p. m. to 5:00 p. m. 7:00 p. m. to 5:00 a. m. HOW TO PREPARE THE CHARCOAL DRINK MATERIALS NEEDED: 1. Sterilized charcoal powder 2. Two glasses of cold or warm drinking water 3. Spoon 4. Two feeding bottles (for babies) DOSAGE AND PROCEDURE: 1. Dilute the charcoal powder in cold or warm water according to the dosage. four times a day7:00 a. m. 1:00 p. m. 7:00 p. m. 1:00 a. m. †¢Newborn babies a. One teaspoonful of charcoal powder in a glass half-filled with drinking water. †¢Children a. Into a glass of half-filled with drinking water, dilute one heaping tablespoon of charcoal powder. b. Stir the mixture thoroughly. c. Let the charcoal powder settle down in the glass for five minutes before giving it to the child or pouring it into the feeding bottle. †¢Adult and Youth a. In a glass filled with water, dilute two heaping tablespoonfuls of charcoal powder. 2. Let the patient drink all the mixture at one time. Babies and children may be given charcoal drink little by little. 3. Let the patient drink pure water to rinse and throat after each drink. 4. Repeat the treatment three times a day or as indicated until healed. E. REFERENCES: 1. Paypa, Severino S. , M. H. SC. , M. P. H. , 2006, Healing Wonders of Charcoal 2. http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,771082,00. html 3. http://www. emedicinehealth. com/activated_charcoal/page2_em. htm 4. http://www. soyouwanna. com/ways-cure-leg-ulcers-4348. html 5. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Treatment 6. http://medical-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/treatment.

Religious Conflict Between Two Christian Sects,...

Religion in Elizabethan England was complex, and the leaders of the time were the reason behind this complication. This religious conflict between two Christian sects, Catholicism and the new Reformation religions (such as the Church of England and Protestantism) began with Henry VIII. In order to obtain a divorce from one of his wives, he created the Church of England, which he was the head of. Starting with him, the monarch controlled religion, which had previously been controlled by the pope. According to Aurelia Clunie, â€Å"Unlike America, England at the time had no separation between church and state. Traditionally, the country was ruled politically by the king and spiritually by the Roman Catholic Church. However, Shakespeare s was the first generation in which the monarch, rather than the Pope, served as the country s spiritual head† (Clunie). Because of this shift in power, religion became a battleground. Religion in Elizabethan England became conflicted between Cath olicism and Reformation religions, such as Protestantism. Clunie states, â€Å"With Queen Elizabeth on the throne, the pendulum swung back toward Protestantism. In efforts to quell sectarian violence, Elizabeth was lenient toward practicing Catholics, however specific laws, such as fining those who did not attend church, kept the Church of England firmly in place† (Clunie). While there were measures to appease Catholics, which was kinder than her sister’s slaughter of Protestants, there was inequality inShow MoreRelatedThe World Is A Diverse Place1420 Words   |  6 Pageswhich was certainly true during the Reformation. There were huge differences between the Jews and Christians, men and women, and rich and poor, some of which ended up causing great conflict between the different sects of society. 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